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Industrial pure titanium TA1 is widely used in various sectors such as chemistry, energy, aerospace and biomedical fields due to its excellent properties including low density, high strength ratio and corrosion resistance. Diverse sizes and shapes of industrial pure titanium products are needed. Hot deformation is the most important part of processing and forming, so it is of great significance to study the hot deformation behavior for the production of industrial pure titanium TA1. Previous studies on the hot deformation behavior of industrial pure titanium mainly focused on the deformation mechanism and properties, and the effects of temperature and strain rate on the constitutive equation were considered. The phase transition process is almost not considered. However, the phase transformation process plays an important role in the flow stress of industrial pure titanium during high temperature thermal processing. It is particularly important to study the influence of phase transition on thermal deformation behavior and establish an accurate prediction model. The accuracy of the constitutive equation is very important as a link between the flow stress of the material and the simulation of the deformation process parameters. The Arrhenius-type equation is widely used to express the relationship between flow stress, deformation temperature and strain rate, especially at high temperature deformation. In this paper, the high temperature deformation behavior of industrial pure titanium TA1 was studied by using Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine at the deformation temperature of 750～950 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.1～20 s-1. The high-precision constitutive equation of industrial pure titanium TA1 considering the effect of phase transformation was established by using Arrhenius-type equation with temperature compensation function. The results showed that the flow stress of industrial pure titanium TA1 increased with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate during hot deformation. The peak stress, serving as a marker point where processing hardening and dynamic recrystallization or recovery counterbalance each other, rapidly decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Under conditions of 750 ℃ and 20 s-1, the peak stress reached as high as 181 MPa, whereas under conditions of 950 ℃ and 0.1 s-1, it reduced to 10 MPa. The peak stress between 800 and 850 ℃ curved at different deformation rates decreased greatly. For example, when the deformation rate was 20 s-1, the peak stress decreased by 108 MPa. When deformed below the phase transition temperature, the peak stress decreased with the increase of temperature, which was much larger than that when deformed above the phase transition temperature. When the strain rate was 1 s-1, the temperature increased from 750 to 800 ℃, and the peak stress decreased by about 60 MPa. However, when the temperature increased from 900 to 950 ℃, the peak stress only decreased by about 3.2 MPa. This had a lot to do with the phase structure. β-Ti was a body-centered cubic structure, and the slip system was superfluous to the slip system of α-Ti. The slip of β-Ti became easier and the flow stress decreased significantly. However, when the phase transition occurred completely, the influence of deformation parameters on the peak stress became smaller. Industrial pure titanium TA1 was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate when deformed below the phase transition point. Based on the experimental data, Arrhenius constitutive model was used to construct a constitutive equation suitable for the industrial pure titanium TA1 covering β-α phase transition temperature range. When comparing the calculated data with the experimental data, it was found that when the deformation temperature was below the phase transition temperature, the error between the calculated data and the experimental data was large. The temperature compensation function was proposed to correct it. It could be seen that the phase transition process had a significant effect on the model. The model modified by the temperature compensation function could accurately predict the data of the deformation temperature below the phase transition point. Finally, the correlation coefficient(R) between the model prediction data and the experimental data at different deformation temperatures was greater than 0.98, and the average relative error(ARRE) was within 4%. The model could fully describe the change of flow stress of industrial pure titanium TA1 during high temperature compression. In conclusion, the relationship between phase transformation and thermal deformation behavior of industrial pure titanium TA1 was studied, and a more accurate constitutive equation was established to achieve more accurate simulation in the thermal deformation process, which provided data guidance for the actual deformation process of industrial pure titanium TA1.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24030011
China Classification Code:TG146.23
Citation Information:
[1]Han Ying,Yu Wei,Kong Bin ,et al.Relationship Between Phase Transformation and Thermal Deformation Flow Stress of Industrial Pure Titanium[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2026,50(01):25-36.DOI:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24030011.
Fund Information:
国家自然科学基金项目(2016YFB0301204)资助
2026-01-15
2026-01-15