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About Journal
Journal: Chinese Journal of Rare Metals
Establishment year: 1977
Administrator: China Association for Science and Technology
Sponsor: The Nonferrous Metals Society of China;
China GRINM Group Co., Ltd.
Publisher: Youke Publishing Co., Ltd
Periodicity: Monthly
Tel:010-82241917/82240869
E-mail:rmchina@263.net
ISSN:0258-7076
CN:11-2111/TF
Chinese Journal of Rare Metals is a comprehensive journal, published monthly in Chinese, administrated by China Association for Science and Technology, and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China and China GRINM Group Co., Ltd. Academician Haili Tu is the Editor-in-Chief. Chinese Journal of Rare Metalis included by American Engineering(EI compendex), the important database SCOPUS...(Details)
Identification and treatment of academic misconduct
In order to protect the right of readers and authors and to maintain the quality and reputation of this journal, Chinese Journal of Rare Metals will test and screen each manuscript strictly in the process of publication. The manuscript will be rejected and punished seriously if it is identified as academic misconduct. The specific testing process and treatment methods are as follows:
1. This journal adopts academic misconduct detection system of CNKI for automatic detection, and the China Literature Journals Full-text Database is used as the comparative database, which test academic misconduct behaviors such as paper copy and plagiarism, forgery, tampering, improper attribution, a draft casting two or more journals, etc.
2. The range of detection
1) All papers that have been received;
2) The papers that are accused with plagiarism by readers
The academic misconduct detection system of CNKI is used to detect the duplication rate of the manuscript. The manuscript and the comparative one will be submitted to reviewers who will determine the repetition nature and form if the duplication rate is up to or exceeds 20%. Reviewing experts will give advice about how to deal with this issue.
3. The criteria of the manuscript identified as academic misconduct are as follows:
1) The manuscript content copies intact or basically from other achievements.
2) The content of the paper that changes the type of others’ achievement or does not change the type but changes the specific forms of others’ achievements which are protected by copyright and use it as their own independent complete works;
3) The manuscript content uses others’ protected opinions to construct the total, core or main ideas, use others’ protective academic achievements as its own main body or substantial part;
4) The manuscript content fabricates or tampers the research achievements, survey data, experimental data or documents information;
5) The manuscript content cites others’ protected ideas, schemes, information, data and so on, but no comments or original source are listed;
6) A paper casting two or more journals.
4. The treatment methods of identified academic misconduct papers:
1) The editorial department treats the paper eventually identified as academic misconduct prudently, and informs authors timely, allowing authors to explain and defend for this issue before making a treatment decision;
2) If the paper is already received but has not been officially published, we will notify the author that the paper will be directly treated as rejected paper in the manuscript-handling process and the employment qualification will be canceled. In addition, the author is given criticism education and warning ;
3) If the paper has been officially published, the author will be informed literately that the accepted qualification will be canceled and the remuneration should be paid back. Additionally, we will reserve the right to recourse claims if the matter causes any loss to reputation or others to our journal.
4) If the circumstances are serious, the authors’ name and their departments will be publicly notified on the journal at some specific date and the withdraw of this right paper will be also notified. What’s more, the events will be notified to the authors’ work unit and other science and technology journals in this area;
5) For authors who are accused of serious plagiarism or cast their paper in multiple journals as the first author, our publication will not accept their papers in 2 years;
5. The treatment of the dissent of authors:
If authors disagree with the identification and treatment results of our journal, they can put forward the application of recheck to the editorial department literally (inadmissible overdue). The editorial department will invite experts to re-review those papers and then make the final decisions. Authors will be informed in 30 working days.
The above provision will be put into force from the date of release and the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Rare Metals is responsible for the interpretation.
Numerical Modeling of Thermal Stress and Hot Tearing Prediction of Be-Al Alloy during Casting Process
Sui Dashan;Liu Yang;Wang Xindong;Li Junyi;Xie Yao;Yang Yiqun;Dong Anping;The rapid cooling mode is often employed in the Be-Al alloy casting process, which increases the temperature difference between various parts of the casting and causes large thermal stresses, leading to casting deformation and even hot tearing. Current research on the constitutive equations of Be-Al alloys is insufficient, and it is impossible to accurately establish the thermal stress model and predict hot tearing in casting process. For Be-38%Al alloy, isothermal tensile experiments with different temperatures and strain rates were carried out using Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator. Based on the measured stress-strain curves, the low-temperature and high-temperature critical value of Be-38%Al alloyelastic-viscoplastic model were determined, which were about 200 ℃ （473 K） and 500 ℃ （773 K）, respectively. The stress-strain curves of Be-38%Al alloy showed that the stress-strain curves exhibited three different characteristics of changes as the temperature increased. When the temperature was equal to or lower than 200 ℃ （473 K）, the curves showed obvious elasticplastic characteristics, work hardening was obvious, and the stress was insensitive to the strain rate. When the temperature was in the range of 200～500 ℃ （473～773 K）, the curves showed both elastic-plastic and viscoplastic features, the work hardening was weakened, and the stress value was sensitive to the strain rate. When the temperature was equal to or higher than 500 ℃ （773 K）, the curve showed obvious viscoplastic characteristics, the work hardening tended to zero, and the plateau characteristics of stress were obvious. Based on the Perzyna elastic-viscoplasticity model, the yield strength, hardening coefficient, and coefficients related to strain rate of Be-38%Al alloy at different temperatures were solved, so as to construct the elastic-viscoplasticity constitutive equations of this alloy. Numerical simulation technology, combined with the constructed constitutive equations of the alloy, was used to establish a finite element model of the thermal stress of the classical constrained rod casting(CRC) casting, and numerical analysis of the constrained rod was carried out for the filling, solidification, and cooling processes. The simulation results of the macroscopic fields of the casting temperature, stress, and strain, and the hot tearing indicator(HTI) criterion were obtained. According to the simulation results, the changes of temperature, stress and strain at different locations of the casting during solidification were analyzed, and the simulation results of HTI criterion basically coincided with the experimental results of the related literatures, which proved the accuracy of the elastic-viscoplastic equations and thermal stress model.
Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Surface on TC4 Alloy via Laser Nitriding Composite Anodization
Wu Guolong;Liu Yafang;Zhang Tianliang;Wang Ye;Zhang Qunli;Yao Jianhua;Titanium alloy has been widely used in many fields such as shipbuilding, aviation, military, and the petroleum industry due to its low density, high toughness, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, the wear resistance of TC4 titanium alloy have been insufficient, which limites its service life. With the advancement of surface modification technology, researchers have developed surfaces with multiple functions by manufacturing micro-nano structures on metal surfaces. In particular, superamphiphobic surfaces with superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties have attracted much attention due to their ability to repel liquids with low surface energy. The superamphiphobic surface is characterized by a droplet contact angle greater than 150°, which keeps the droplets spherical and left no traces when the surface rolled or slid. It has shown potential application value in improving corrosion resistance, preventing icing, and self-cleaning. The formation of a superamphiphobic surface on titanium alloy have not only expanded its application range but also solved the problem that the super-hydrophobic surface is easy to lose its performance when contacting oily liquids. However, the wear resistance of the superamphiphobic surface obtained by traditional preparation methods have remained insufficient, and it is easily destroyed under external forces such as friction. Additionally, the preparation technology of titanium alloy superamphiphobic surfaces, such as lithography and chemical/electrochemical etching, has suffered from high cost and difficult morphology control. Laser nitriding technology has been able to generate a hard nitriding layer, which could effectively improve the wear resistance of the surface. Anodic oxidation technology has been used to prepare concave corner structures on titanium alloy surfaces. However, the structures prepared by this method are shallow, their growth direction cannot be controlled, and their wear resistance is poor. This paper adopted a two-step design strategy. First, a regular micron-scale array structure had been prepared on the titanium alloy surface by laser nitriding texture technology. Then, a concave angle structure was further fabricated through composite anodic oxidation technology, ultimately obtaining a superamphiphobic surface on titanium alloy. In this study, the formation mechanism and wettability transformation mechanism of the concave corner structure were studied, and its wear resistance was discussed through friction and wear experiments. The formation state, thickness, and cross-section changes of the nitrided layer after laser nitriding, texture, and composite anodizing treatment had been analyzed by metallographic microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) had been employed to analyze the surface and cross-section of the sample accurately, while the post-wear surface morphology had been recorded and characterized. The elemental distribution and content of the superamphiphobic surface had been tested and analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The phase composition of the sample surface had been determined by X-ray diffraction(XRD), and the elemental composition had been identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The static contact angle of the sample surface had been measured by a contact angle goniometer, and the surface wear resistance had been evaluated using a self-built friction and wear testing device. The superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 160° was prepared by laser nitriding texture technology. The cross-sectional microstructure of the nitrided layer exhibited a cellular crystal morphology, which was characterized by a gradual decrease in the size of the cellular crystal as the depth of the nitrided layer increased. Furthermore, the superamphiphobic surfaces with a water contact angle of 165° and a peanut oil contact angle of 156° were prepared by anodic oxidation. The concave corner structure was mainly composed of TiO2, and the anodic oxidation treatment did not change the original microstructure of TiN. The formation of this structure was mainly attributed to the selective erosion of the oxide layer by corrosive fluoride ions. The silane group in the fluorosilane molecule reacted with the hydroxyl group on the surface of the material to form a stable silicon-oxygen bond, so that it was firmly fixed on the surface of the material, while the low surface energy-CF3 and-CF2 groups inside the fluorosilane were oriented outside the surface of the material, forming an orderly molecular arrangement, thereby reducing the surface energy of the material. XRD results showed that after laser nitriding texture treatment, obvious TiN characteristic peaks appeared on the surface of the sample, which confirmed the successful formation of TiN structure on the surface. After anodic oxidation treatment, the surface of the sample retained the characteristic peak of TiN crystal structure, indicating that anodic oxidation mainly affected the surface layer, had little effect on the internal crystal structure, and maintained the integrity of the micro-texture. The superhydrophobic surface lost its superhydrophobicity after 6 friction cycles, and the contact angle decreased to 140° after 10 friction cycles. The superamphiphobic surface lost superhydrophobicity after 9 friction cycles. After 10 friction cycles, the water contact angle was 146°, and the oil contact angle was 130°. The micro-nano composite hierarchical structure enhanced the wear resistance of the titanium alloy. This study provided a theoretical basis for optimizing the preparation process of superamphiphobic surfaces and helped to enhance their performance stability and reliability in engineering applications.
Regularity of Femtosecond Laser Processing of Microholes in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Ultrasound Assistance
Huang Xinwei;Ma Yuping;Wu Xiaolong;With the development of aerospace, instrumentation, medical devices and other fields, the fabrication of high quality microholes with large depth to diameter ratio in high strength and high hardness materials, such as titanium alloys has become an urgent problem to be solved. Ti-6 Al-4V alloy has the advantages of light weight, high hardness, and good stability, and is widely used in aviation field. Current drilling technologies mainly include mechanical drilling, electrochemical machining(ECM), electric discharge machining(EDM), etc., but these traditional processing methods suffer from low efficiency. Affected by tool hardness and residual electrolyte, the quality of processed microholes is relatively low. And the traditional drilling method cannot meet the requirements of processing small diameter microholes on high hardness materials, while laser drilling technology can solve such problems with high processing efficiency. However, in the process of femtosecond laser processing of microholes, due to the heat transfer in the workpiece material, the material near the laser irradiation area will be rapidly solidified after melting. With the increase of the depth of microhole processing, molten material splashes under the recoil pressure of the material steam, and part of the splash material attaches to the hole wall and re-solidifies to form a recast layer, and a little splash will be deposited around the hole. The formation of debris, burrs and other defects affect the surface morphology of microholes. Uneven ablation and deposited debris during drilling process tend to cause roughness of the hole inner wall and increased surface roughness. Moreover, residual stress generated during rapid cooling and solidification process easily lead to the formation of micro-cracks. Ultrasonic vibration can promote ablative debris discharge by enhancing air convection in the machining area, which is conducive to reduce the formation of recast layer, increase the depth of microholes, and improve the quality of laser machining microholes. Combining ultrasonic vibration with femtosecond laser, the manufacturing efficiency, depth to diameter ratio and morphology characteristics of microholes in laser processing can be further improved. In this paper, Ti-6 Al-4V alloy material was used as the experimental material, ultrasonic vibration was combined with femtosecond laser, and an ultrasonic vibration assisted femtosecond laser composite processing method was proposed. Based on multi-pulse laser hole making and circumferential femtosecond laser hole making, the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the morphology and size of microholes was studied. The main research contents and achievements were as follows: 1) Multi-pulse drilling experiments were carried out on Ti-6 Al-4V alloy material by ultrasonic vibration and laser composite processing. The effects of pulse energy density(2.65, 3.53, 7.07, 10.6, and 14.1 J·cm-2) and pulse number(100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000) on microhole diameter, roundness and taper were investigated. The experimental results showed that with or without ultrasonic vibration, the microhole diameter increased with the increase of pulse energy density, and the microhole diameter is larger when ultrasonic vibration was assisted. With the increase of energy density, the roundness of microholes gradually increased, and the microholes gradually approached to the circle. Ultrasonic vibration could improve the roundness of microholes well. At the selected energy density, the taper of microhole was reduced from 3.52 to 2.65, showing a significant improvement. At the same energy density, ultrasonic assistance could slightly reduce the microhole taper. When microholes were processed under different laser pulse numbers, ultrasonic assistance could effectively improve the roundness of microholes, and increase the depth of microholes. The bottom morphology of ultrasonic vibration assisted microholes was better than that of traditional femtosecond laser drilling. The depth of microhole processing under ultrasonic vibration assisted microholes was also significantly improved, and the micro-cracks generated on the inner wall of microholes during pulse drilling were also improved. 2) Single factor experimental study of ultrasonic vibration and laser combined ring cutting perforation was carried out. The influences of laser power(100, 150, 200, 400, and 600 mW), scanning speed(0.1, 0.5, and 1 mm·s-1), scanning times(1, 5, 15) and ultrasonic power(0, 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 W) on quality characteristics including microhole diameter, roundness and taper were analyzed. The experimental results showed that ultrasonic vibration could effectively increase the depth of microholes and improve roundness deviation and taper of microholes, but excessive ultrasonic power would increase the roundness deviation of microholes. The roundness of microhole deteriorated with increasing laser power, while it improved with increasing scanning speed. When the scanning speed was lower, the overall taper of the microhole was better and the wall was smoother. The more scanning times, the more materials removed during laser processing, the more ablative crater would appear on the surface of the material due to ablation, and the surface would be in a state of excessive ablation, which would affect the profile of the microhole. Under the same scanning times, roundness of the microhole would be improved. During machining process, higher ultrasonic power promoted the local heat convection and improved heat transfer efficiency. With the increase of ultrasonic power per unit area, the roundness deviation of the microhole showed an increasing trend.
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Magnesium-Based Alloys with Component Ratio Regulation
Chen Xuexin;Chen Weili;Li Yongzhi;Hydrogen storage technology,as a critical intermediate link in the process of hydrogen production,storage,and utilization,has become one of the key bottlenecks limiting the large-scale application of hydrogen energy.The development of solid-state hydrogen storage materials and systems is considered the most effective solution to this problem.In the field of solid-state hydrogen storage,lightweight hydrogen storage alloys,such as rare-earth (RE)-magnesium-based metal hydrides,have advantages including high hydrogen storage density,fast hydrogen absorption/desorption reaction rates,and good cycling stability.Therefore,in this study,Mg90+2xNi5-xRE5-x(x=0,1,2) series of magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys were prepared using vacuum induction melting.The effects of component ratio adjustments on the phase structure,microstructure,and hydrogen storage performance of Mg-Ni-RE based alloys were systematically investigated.By reasonably adjusting the contents of Mg,Ni,and RE elements,the influence mechanism of different phase compositions and their synergistic effects on the alloy's hydrogen absorption/desorption behavior was explored.Various characterization techniques,such as X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),and pressure-compositiontemperature (PCT) tests,were employed to systematically analyze and characterize the alloy's microstructure evolution,phase composition changes,and hydrogen storage performance.The results showed that the as-cast Mg90+2xNi5-xRE5-x(x=0,1,2) alloys mainly consist of Mg,Mg_2Ni,CeMg12,Ce_2Mg17,LaMg12 and La_2Mg17 phases,which were uniformly distributed within the alloys.During the hydrogen absorption process,noticeable phase transitions occurred,primarily generating MgH2,Mg_2NiH4,CeH2.29 and LaH3.05 hydride phases.Among them,CeH2 and LaH2 exhibited high thermal stability and remained stable throughout multiple hydrogen absorption/desorption cycles,playing a significant role in the alloy's hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions.With an increase in Mg content,the number of rare-earth hydride (REHx) phases gradually decreased,and their catalytic effect on Mg and Mg_2Ni phases became significantly weaker,leading to a decline in the activation performance of the alloy.Specifically,the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity of the alloys decreased from 5.21%(Mg90Ni_5RE5) to 4.92%(Mg94Ni_3RE3),and the reversible hydrogen desorption capacity dropped from 5.06%(Mg90Ni_5RE5) to4.58%(Mg94Ni_3RE3).Meanwhile,with the increase in Mg content,the hydrogen desorption peak temperature significantly rose,and the desorption activation energy increased from 87.14 kJ·mol-1 to 98.68 kJ·mol-1,indicating an increase in the kinetic resistance during the desorption process and a deterioration in desorption performance.PCT test results further showed that as Mg content increased,the hydrogen absorption/desorption plateau became wider,and the hysteresis effect became more apparent.Although the maximum hydrogen storage capacity slightly increased,the overall thermodynamic properties did not change significantly.This suggested that the variation in component ratios had a limited effect on the thermodynamic stability of the alloy but played a more significant role in regulating its kinetic behavior.A comprehensive comparison of the hydrogen storage performance of alloys with different component ratios revealed that Mg90Ni_5RE5 alloy,containing a higher amount of REHx phases and Mg_2Ni/Mg_2NiH4 phases,exhibited a stronger synergistic promoting effect during hydrogen adsorption,diffusion,and release,thereby demonstrating the best hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics and the lowest desorption activation energy.The study results indicated that by reasonably adjusting Mg,Ni,and rare-earth element ratios,it was possible to significantly improve the hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics of magnesium-based alloys while maintaining a high hydrogen storage capacity.
Preparation of ZnO/g-C_3N5 Composites and Its Properties for Visible Light Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Liang Boyu;Deng Wenqing;Zhang Wenbin;Zhang Xinyao;Hong Yan;Fu Lichun;Liao Runhua;The widespread use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, hospitals and private households has resulted in serious antibiotic contamination of the aquatic environment. This issue is of great concern because antibiotics pose a major threat to human health due to their high structural stability and poor biodegradability. Photocatalysis, which converts solar energy into chemical energy, is a green method for treating antibiotic contamination by producing active substances. Due to the low separation efficiency of photoconverted charge pairs, the overall photocatalytic efficiency remains low when treating antibiotic pollution in aqueous environments, which hinders the practical application of photocatalytic technology. The novel carbon nitride material g-C_3N5 is a layered metal-free polymer semiconductor with good photochemical stability and a suitable band gap(～1.7 eV). Its small band gap indicates a wide range of response to sunlight, which is potentially promising for catalytic hydrogen production, pollutant degradation, etc. g-C_3N5 prepared from 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole(3-AT) has high porosity, which significantly improves the adsorption capacity for pollutants. ZnO is one of the most widely and intensively studied oxide semiconductors due to its suitable properties, such as superior optical and electronic properties over other semiconductors, as well as low cost and non-toxicity. The most fatal drawback of ZnO is its large band gap, which requires expensive ultraviolet light to activate, thus limiting its catalytic efficiency in the visible part Compounding with visible materials to form heterojunctions for modification and modification of ZnO to synthesize highly efficient ZnO composite photocatalysts is a hot issue in the field of photocatalytic research, and compositing of ZnO with a small bandgap g-C_3N5 material enlarges the range of light absorption. The composite of ZnO with small bandgap g-C_3N5 material expands the light absorption range and can effectively inhibit the photocorrosion of ZnO under ultraviolet light to enhance the stability, thus improving the photocatalytic performance and reusability. The preparation of graphite-like g-C_3N5 using 3-AT in this study, and ZnO/g-C_3N5 composites with different mass ratios were prepared by in-situ calcination, and the crystalline phase structure of the prepared photocatalytic materials was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), and there was a ZnCN composite where there was a ZnO-g-C_3N5 strong interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was used to analyze the surface elemental composition and chemical state of the prepared photocatalytic materials, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) were used to analyze the microscopic morphology of the prepared photocatalytic materials, and it was found that some of ZnO nanorods were interspersed with the pore structure of g-C_3N5 to form a heterogeneous structure. The interaction between ZnO and g-C_3N5 studied by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated that g-C_3N5 was well bonded with ZnO and the heterojunction might be formed at the interface to provide better photocatalytic performance of ZnCN-5 composite. The successful construction of the heterojunction was concluded by combining the microscopic morphology and crystalline phase structure of ZnO and g-C_3N5 as well as the chemical bonding analysis of ZnO/g-C_3N5 composites. The light absorption properties of g-C_3N5, ZnO and ZnCN-5 composite were analyzed by the specific values of ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-vis DRS) and energy band structure, and the specific energy band structure of ZnCN-5 compositebroadened its response to sunlight and improved the utilization of UV and visible light. ZnCN-5 composite was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) to study the electron transfer ability, and it exhibited lower charge migration impedance than g-C_3N5 and ZnO. Photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy was used to test the separation efficiency of the interfacial charge carriers of the prepared materials, and ZnCN-5 composite peaks possessed lower fluorescence emission intensities, and the in-situ growth of ZnO in g-C_3N5 photocatalysts could effectively promote the separation of the photogenerated carriers and inhibit the complexation of electron-hole pairs. By studying the light absorption performance as well as the electron transfer ability and the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, it was concluded that the heterojunction formed at the interface of ZnO/g-C_3N5 composites prevented the complexation of photogenerated electrons and holes to enhance the photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic activity test showed that the removal rate of tetracycline hydrochloride(TC-HCl) in 50 ml of 20 mg·L-1 was 76.66% under the dosage of 0.8 g·L-1 of ZnCN-5 composite photocatalyst and the simulated visible light irradiation of 500 W xenon lamp for 3 h, which was 1.71 times and 3.85 times higher than that of g-C_3N5 and ZnO, respectively. L-ascorbic acid(C_6H_8O6), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA-2 Na), and isopropyl alcohol(IPA) were used as scavengers of superoxide radical(, hole(, and hydroxyl radical (-OH) for the bursting experiments, respectively, which proved that-O2~-and-OH played the main roles in ZnCN-5 composite photocatalytic system.
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